Urinary tract infection occurs when bacteria colonize the urinary tract, usually from the intestine, ascending from the urethra or perineal area in children and may reach the bladder (cystitis) or kidneys (pyelonephritis). In some cases, especially in newborns, colonization can occur through the blood. Dr. Jenny Ponce, pediatric nephrologist of our clinic, gives us more information on the subject.

What symptoms can your child have if he/she has a urinary tract infection?

• High fever, chills, general malaise, and pain in the side or dorsal part above the affected kidney indicate pyelonephritis.
• In cystitis, children may experience painful urination, urgency, and frequency of urination, as well as urinary difficulty or incontinence or foul-smelling urine. In older children with bladder control, these symptoms are more evident, but in infants’ fever may be the only symptom, or present with nonspecific symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, irritability or inadequate weight gain.

What are the causes and what tests are used to diagnose them?

• Urinary tract infection, usually caused by Escherichia coli bacteria, is mainly caused by inadequate hygiene in the perineal area of children. Factors such as constipation or urinary retention can also increase the risk. In addition, some people have a genetic predisposition that facilitates adherence of the bacteria to the urinary tract.
• Urine examination and culture are essential to confirm urinary tract infection in children. Unlike in adults, in pediatrics it is crucial to perform both tests for an accurate diagnosis.

How can we prevent urinary tract infections in our children?

Prevention of urinary tract infections in children is crucial to avoid future complications. Proper hygiene of the perineal area, complete and frequent emptying of the bladder, and management of constipation are key measures. This includes proper front-to-back cleansing and the use of pH-neutral soaps to wash the perineal area.

Remember:

Urinary tract infections in children require antibiotic treatment and medical care. Early detection and prompt treatment, especially in cases of pyelonephritis, are essential to prevent renal scarring and possible long-term complications.

Dr. Jenny Ponce
Pediatric nephrologist at Clínica Ricardo Palma